Ms 2 7th edition. 1. MS-2 2696 Research Park Drive Lexington, Kentucky P 859.288.4960 F 859.288.4999 asphaltinstitute.org Design Methods Asphalt Mix 7th Edition MS-2AsphaltMixDesignMethods7thEdition 9 7 8 1 9 3 4 1 5 4 7 0 0 ISBN 978-1-934154-70-0 AI-14103 AsphaltMixCoverFinal.indd 1 12/30/14 12:21 PM. MS-2 Design Methods Asphalt Mix 7th Edition. ii MS-2 Asphalt Mix Design Methods MANUAL SERIES NO.

• Asphalt Institute Specifications
• Asphalt Institute Manual Ms 1

02 (MS-2) The Asphalt Institute can accept no responsibility for the inappropriate use of this manual. Engineering judgment and experience must be used to properly utilize the principles and guidelines contained in this manual, taking into account available equipment, local materials and conditions. All reasonable care has been taken in the preparation of this manual; however, the Asphalt Institute can accept no responsibility for the consequence of any inaccuracies which it may contain. Printed in USA Seventh Edition 2014 978-1-934154-70-0 Library of Congress Control Number: Copyright © 2014 All Rights Reserved Asphalt Institute. iii Welcome to the 7th edition of MS-2 Asphalt Mix Design Methods. 2014 marks the 55th year of continuous publication of our mix design manual that has become the industry standard for the design of asphalt mixtures.

This manual remains a practical guide based on proven technologies, incorporating the most current information available at the time of this writing. Yet this edition offers significantly expanded explanation and guidance relative to our previous mix design manuals. AASHTO, ASTM and other published standards are referenced wherever applicable in addition to important research findings.

It is intended for mix designers, pavement engineers, lab personnel and others involved in asphalt mixtures. It is formatted for easy use as an engineering textbook or as a laboratory workbook.

This edition represents a major shift from our previous mix design manuals by covering all methods in one comprehensive manual. It replaces the 6th edition of MS-2 (focused on the Marshall and Hveem methods) and our SP-2 manual (dedicated to Superpave mix design procedures and analysis). While Superpave has become the predominant method in the United States, Marshall and Hveem are still utilized in parts of the U.S. And certainly around the world. These three methods plus Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA), Open Graded Friction Course (OGFC), with or without Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP), Recycled Asphalt Shingles (RAS), Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) and others all share commonalty in their governing principles, fundamental properties, testing procedures and analysis.

For this reason it made sense to merge MS-2 and SP-2 into one manual. Topics are presented in the logical progression of mix design steps.

Chapters 1 through 5 apply across all mix design methods; covering mix behavior, material selection, batching, specimen preparation, binder absorption, specific gravity testing, volumetric calculations, data interpretation and more. Chapter 6 covers the unique aspects of the Superpave system, while chapter 7 does the same for Marshall and chapter 8 does the same for Hveem. Chapters 9 through 11 are again generic for all dense graded mixes and design methods; covering moisture sensitivity, performance testing and the use of recycled materials. Chapter 12 discusses the many specialty type mixes utilized for unique applications, and chapter 13 wraps up the manual with guidance on verifying the JMF once field production starts.

MS-26, The Asphalt Binder Handbook, is the primary reference on asphalt binders, while our MS-4, The Asphalt Handbook, is a comprehensive manual on the use of asphalt. We believe this MS-2, 7th edition will serve the industry well for many years as the most thorough and current go-to-reference on asphalt mix design.

FOREWORD. While it’s impossible to mention everyone that contributed to the rewrite, review and redesign of this manual, we want to mention some of the key players.

Authoring individual chapters was a team effort between our lab and field engineering staff: Bob Humer, Mark Blow, Dave Johnson, Danny Gierhart, Phil Blankenship, Bob Horan, Wayne Jones, Greg Harder and Carlos Rosenberger. We augmented this in-house writing team with the expertise of Tim Murphy from Murphy Pavement Technology, Inc. After many editing iterations led by Bob Humer and Mark Blow, the entire manuscript underwent a comprehensive review that included our Technical Advisory Committee and other outside experts. Extensive comments were submitted from Jim Scherocman – consulting engineer, Kevin Carlson of Jebro Inc, MeadWestvaco Corporation Asphalt Innovations, Road Science, Division of ArrMaz, PRI Asphalt Technologies Inc, Phillips 66 Company, as well as from Tim Murphy, Danny Gierhart and Bob Humer.

All review comments were compiled by Kendal Butler, AI’s Media and Publications Manager, and then thoroughly vetted for consideration by our in-house review team. No surprise that there was lively debate among our engineers over a number of topics covered in this manual, but it’s fair to say that the content presented herein represents the Asphalt Institute’s collective position on best practice at the time of this writing. Kendal Butler managed the overall design and proofing effort while graphics were created and illustrations managed by Mike Sonnenberg.

Successful teams are composed of individuals whose different backgrounds and expertise come together to create a synergy that is far more powerful than the individual talents. We are grateful to this winning team that produced a champion in our MS-2, 7th edition. Mark Buncher Mike Anderson Director of Engineering Services Director, Research and Laboratory Services Asphalt Institute Asphalt Institute ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.

v CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1 1.0 General. 1 1.1 Asphalt and Hot Mix Defined.

1 1.2 Classification of Mixes. 1 1.3 Objective of a Mix Design. 2 1.4 Evolution of a Mix Design. 3 1.5 The Structure of This Manual.

4 CHAPTER 2 Mixture Behavior 5 2.1 Objectives of Asphalt Paving Mix Design. 5 2.2 Desired Properties Considered for Mix Design. 2018 toyota camry hybrid owners manual. 7 2.3 Volumetric Characteristics of Asphalt Mixtures. 12 CHAPTER 3 Materials Selection and Aggregate Batching 15 3.0 Mixture Types. 15 3.1 Asphalt Binder.

19 3.2 Mineral Aggregate. 19 3.3 Aggregate Batching and Mix Sample Preparation.

28 CHAPTER 4 Laboratory Mixture Testing 34 4.1 Introduction. 34 4.2 Selection of Trial Binder Contents, Compaction Temperatures and Mixing Times. 34 4.3 Laboratory Compaction.

39 4.4 Determining Bulk Specific Gravity, Gmb. 41 4.5 Effect of Binder Content on Gmb and Gmm. 44 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 5 Volumetric Properties of Compacted Paving Mixtures 45 5.1 General. 45 5.2 Nomenclature and Definitions. 46 5.3 Bulk (dry) Specific Gravity of Aggregate. 48 5.4 Calculating Gmm at Trial Binder Contents.

52 5.5 Percent Air Voids in Compacted Mixture. 54 5.6 Percent VMA in Compacted Mixture. 54 5.7 Percent VFA in Compacted Mixture.

56 5.8 Binder Absorption. 57 5.9 Effective Binder Content of a Paving Mixture. 57 5.10 Dust to Binder Ratio.

57 5.11 Discussion on Volumetric Properties.58 5.12 Selecting a Design Aggregate Structure. 61 CHAPTER 6 Volumetric Properties of Compacted Paving Mixtures 65 6.0 Introduction. 65 6.1 Superpave Materials Selection and Mix Design Criteria. 65 6.2 Test Equipment. 69 6.3 Specimen Preparation and Compaction. 72 6.4 Superpave Data Analysis.

74 6.5 Design Asphalt Binder Content. 76 6.6 Nmax Determination.

76 6.7 Moisture Sensitivity Testing. 76 6.8 Performance Testing. 76. vi CHAPTER 7 Marshall Method of Mix Design 77 4.1 General. 77 4.2 Preparation of Test Specimens. 78 4.3 Test Procedure. 82 4.4 Interpretation of Test Data.

85 4.5 Modified Marshall Method for Large Aggregate. 88 CHAPTER 8 Hveem Method of Mix Design 91 8.1 General. 91 8.2 Outline of Method.

92 8.3 Appropriate Asphalt Content by the Centrifuge Kerosene Equivalent Method. 92 8.4 Preparation of Test Specimens. 99 8.5 Test Procedures.

103 8.6 Interpretation of Test Data. 106 8.7 Design Criteria. 107 8.8 Determination of Optimum Binder Content (OBC). 107 8.9 Daily Calibration of the Hveem Stabilometer. 110 CHAPTER 9 Moisture Sensitivity of the Mix 112 9.1 Possible Mechanisms of Moisture Damage. 112 9.2 Influence of Physical Properties. 113 9.3 Test Methods for Evaluating the Moisture Sensitivity of Mixes.

114 9.4 Treatments to Improve Moisture Sensitivity. 117 9.5 Practices to Minimize Moisture Damage. 118 CHAPTER 10 Mixture Performance Testing 119 10.1 Performance Tests to Address Permanent Deformation (Rutting). 119 10.2 Repeated Load Creep Tests on Viscoelastic Materials. 123 10.3 Static Creep Tests.

126 10.4 Performance Tests to Address Cracking. 127 10.5 Non-Load-Associated Cracking. 130 10.6 NCHRP Project 09-33 Performance Testing Recommendations. 132 CHAPTER 11 Recycled Asphalt Materials in the Mix Design Process 135 11.1 Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) General Discussion. 135 11.2 Recycled Asphalt Shingles (RAS) General Discussion. 136 11.3 RAP Properties. 136 11.4 Using Blending Charts.

145 11.5 Developing the Mix Design. 152 CHAPTER 12 Specialty Mixes 156 12.1 Introduction. 156 12.2 Airfield Mixes.

156 12.3 Open-Graded Mixes. 157 12.4 Stone Matrix Asphalt. 162 12.5 Rich Bottom Layer Mixes.

165 12.6 Hot In-Place Recycling (HIPR). 165 12.7 Cold Mix. 167 12.8 Crumb Rubber Modified Asphalt Mix Design. 167 12.9 Hydraulic Mixes. 169 12.10 Railway Track Bed Mixes. 169 12.11 Ultra-Thin Bonded Wearing Course.170 12.12 Bridge Deck Mixes.

171 12.13 Sand-Asphalt Mixes. 172 12.14 Warm Asphalt Mix. 172. vii CHAPTER 13 Field Verification of Asphalt Mixtures 174 13.1 Laboratory Design Versus Field Production. 174 13.2 Quality Control Tests and Calculations.

175 13.3 Job Mix Formula Verification and Daily Mix Verification. 176 13.4 Volumetric Adjustments. 178 13.5 Density Specifications. 179. viii. Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Asphalt and hot mix defined In different parts of the world, the term “asphalt” has different meanings. For instance, in Europe, asphalt is synonymous with what is called Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) or Asphalt Concrete (AC) in the U.S.

And the term “bitumen” in Europe is synonymous with asphalt, asphalt cement or asphalt binder in the U.S. In this manual we will use “asphalt binder,” “asphalt cement” and “bitumen” interchangeably to identify the liquid binder. Likewise, we will often use the terms “asphalt,” “asphalt mixture,” “hot mix asphalt” and “warm mix asphalt” to identify the mixture of aggregate and binder.

1.2 Classifications of mixes Asphalt mixtures may be produced from a wide range of aggregate combinations, each having its own particular characteristics suited to specific design and construction uses. Mixtures consist of a combination of aggregate uniformly mixed and coated with asphalt binder. To dry the aggregates and to obtain sufficient fluidity of asphalt binder for proper mixing and workability, both the aggregate and the asphalt binder must be heated before mixing—hence the term “hot mix.” Dense-graded asphalt mixes A dense-graded asphalt mix has a well-distributed aggregate gradation throughout the entire range of sieves used.

It is the most commonly specified type of mix and can be used in the base, intermediate layers and surface of a pavement structure. Superpave, Marshall and Hveem are methods of designing dense-graded mixes. Introduction CHAPTER 1 1.0 General. 1 1.1 Asphalt and hot mix defined. 1 1.2 Classifications of mixes.

1 1.3 Objective of a mix design. 2 1.4 Evolution of mix design. 3 1.5 The structure of this manual. 4 1.0 General Asphalt pavements are the predominant pavement type in the world. Asphalt is used for all types of applications—from residential streets to expressways, from parking lots to harbor facilities, from mastic roofing decks to water reservoir barriers, and from bike paths to airport runways. Depending on traffic, climate, available materials and the location within the pavement structure, the type of mix selected and mix design criteria will be different. Moisture sensitivity tests and, more recently, performance tests are being added to better determine the final design mixture.

Successful mix design requires understanding the basic theory behind the steps and following the intent of the written instructions. It also includes having the proper training in laboratory techniques and effectively interpreting the results of laboratory tests. This manual was prepared with these goals in mind. It contains the latest information for the design of asphalt paving mixtures to meet the demands of modern traffic conditions and to ensure optimal performance of asphalt pavements. 2 Chapter 1 Introduction Open-graded asphalt mixes An open-graded layer is an asphalt mixture designed to have a large volume of air voids (typically 18 to 22 percent) so that water will readily drain through the pavement layer.

Asphalt Institute Specifications

It is used as an Open-Graded Friction Course (OGFC) to provide a skid-resistant pavement surface and as a porous base layer (also called Asphalt Treated Permeable Base, or ATPB) to provide for positive drainage under either an asphalt or Portland cement concrete pavement surface. Gap-graded or Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) Gap-graded or SMA is an asphalt mixture with a high-coarse aggregate content (typically 70 to 80 percent), a high asphalt content (typically more than 6 percent) and a high-filler content (approximately 10 percent by weight). The result is a durable mixture that has excellent stone-on-stone contact and that is very resistant to rutting. Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) is not a mix type, but refers to any mix produced at lower temperatures using a variety of technologies while maintaining the workability required to be successfully placed.

Asphalt Institute Manual Ms 1

Many other specialty mixtures exist, and are described in chapter 12. It is essential that the mixing facility produce the mix as similar as possible to the mix design, which is the purpose of chapter 13. 1.3 Objective of a mix design The objective of a mix design is to determine the combination of asphalt cement and aggregate that will give long-lasting performance as part of the pavement structure. Mix design involves laboratory procedures developed to establish the necessary proportions of materials for use in the asphalt mixture.

These procedures include determining an appropriate blend of aggregate sources to produce proper gradation of mineral aggregate and selecting the type and amount of asphalt cement to be used as the binder for that gradation. Well- designed asphalt mixtures can be expected to serve successfully for many years under a variety of loading and environmental conditions. The mix design is just the starting point to assure that an asphalt pavement layer will perform as required.

Together with proper construction practice, mix design is an important step in achieving well-performing asphalt pavements. In many cases, the cause of poorly performing pavements has been attributed to a poor or inappropriate mix design, or is due to the production of a mixture different from what was designed in the laboratory. Correct mix design involves adhering to an established set of laboratory techniques and design criteria. These techniques and criteria serve as the design philosophy of the governing agency. They are based on scientific research as well as many years of experience in observing the performance of asphalt pavements. It is critical that these laboratory methods be followed exactly as written. Asphalt pavements perform well when they are designed, produced and constructed to provide certain desired properties.

Those properties will vary based on project expectations and the position of that mix in the pavement structure. High- volume interstate highways with a high percentage of heavy trucks will require different properties than a parking lot or driveway. The design of asphalt paving mixes, as with other engineering materials designs, is largely a matter of selecting and proportioning materials to obtain the desired properties in the finished construction product.