Guide To Unix Using Linux 7th
CHAPTER 3 The Command Line The level of power, control, and flexibility that the command line offers Linux/UNIX users has been one of its most endearing and enduring qualities. There is also a flip side to this, however: for the uninitiated, the command line can also produce extremes of emotions, including awe, frustration, and annoyance.
Casual observers of Linux/UNIX gurus are often astounded at the results of a few carefully crafted and executed commands. Unfortunately, this power comes at a cost—it can make using Linux/UNIX appear less intuitive to the average user. For this reason, graphical user interface (GUI) front-ends for various UNIX/Linux tools, functions, and utilities have been written. More experienced users, however, may find.
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This edition also features a renewed emphasis in basic design aids: content on more specialized system types has been replaced by an appendix containing climatic design data for selected worldwide locations. Ashrae design guide. This ninth edition has been revised for 2017 to include updates from the four current volumes of the ASHRAE Handbook series, including the 2017 ASHRAE Handbook--Fundamentals, and from the 2013 and 2016 editions of ASHRAE Standards 15, 34, 55, 62.1, 62.2, and 90.1.
Introduction Purpose Of This Tutorial This tutorial is written to help people understand some of the basics of shell script programming (aka shell scripting), and hopefully to introduce some of the possibilities of simple but powerful programming available under the Bourne shell. As such, it has been written as a basis for one-on-one or group tutorials and exercises, and as a reference for subsequent use. Getting The Most Recent Version Of This Tutorial You are reading Version 2.1b, last updated 11th February 2018. The most recent version of this tutorial is always available at:. Always check there for the latest copy. (If you are reading this at some different address, it is probably a copy of the real site, and therefore may be out of date). A Brief History of sh Steve Bourne wrote the Bourne shell which appeared in the Seventh Edition Bell Labs Research version of Unix.
Many other shells have been written; this particular tutorial concentrates on the Bourne and the Bourne Again shells. Other shells include the Korn Shell (ksh), the C Shell (csh), and variations such as tcsh. This tutorial does not cover those shells.
Guide To Unix Using Linux 7th Grade
Audience This tutorial assumes some prior experience; namely:. Use of an interactive Unix/Linux shell. Minimal programming knowledge - use of variables, functions, is useful background knowledge.
Understanding of some Unix/Linux commands, and competence in using some of the more common ones. ( ls, cp, echo, etc). Programmers of ruby, perl, python, C, Pascal, or any programming language (even BASIC) who can maybe read shell scripts, but don't feel they understand exactly how they work. You may want to review some of the to see how useful you might find it. Typographical Conventions Used in This Tutorial Significant words will be written in italics when mentioned for the first time.
Code segments and script output will be displayed as monospaced text. Command-line entries will be preceded by the Dollar sign ($). If your prompt is different, enter the command: PS1='$ '; export PS1 Then your interactions should match the examples given (such as./my-script.sh below). Script output (such as 'Hello World' below) is displayed at the start of the line.
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$ echo '#!/bin/sh' my-script.sh $ echo 'echo Hello World' my-script.sh $ chmod 755 my-script.sh $./my-script.sh Hello World $ Entire scripts will be shown with a gray background, and include a reference to the plain text of the script, where available: #!/bin/sh # This is a comment! Echo Hello World # This is a comment, too! Note that to make a file executable, you must set the eXecutable bit, and for a shell script, the Readable bit must also be set: $ chmod a+rx my-script.sh $./my-script.sh.